Mastering Andon: Your Checklist Template for System Effectiveness

What is Andon and Why Does It Matter?

The term Andon originates from Japan, referring to the traditional paper lanterns used to signal when a restaurant was open for business. In the manufacturing world, it's evolved into a visual management system designed to alert everyone to problems and trigger corrective actions. It's more than just a light; it's a signal that something needs attention - be it a machine malfunction, a quality defect, or a safety concern.

Why does this matter? Because the Andon system embodies a core principle of Lean Manufacturing: empowering every employee to stop the line and draw attention to issues. By making problems visible and fostering a culture of continuous improvement, Andon helps organizations:

• Reduce Waste: Identify and eliminate sources of defects, delays, and inefficiencies.
• Improve Quality: Quickly address quality deviations and prevent further issues.
• Boost Productivity: Minimize downtime and maximize output.
• Enhance Employee Engagement: Foster a sense of ownership and responsibility.
• Promote Safety: Immediately highlight and resolve potential safety hazards.

Essentially, the Andon system creates a feedback loop that allows organizations to proactively address challenges and strive for operational excellence.

The Core Principles of an Effective Andon System

An effective Andon system isn't just about flashing lights; it's built upon a foundation of core principles that ensure it functions as a true problem-solving and improvement tool. These principles guide implementation, maintenance, and continuous evolution of the system.

First and foremost, employee empowerment must be at the heart of the system. Employees need to feel safe and encouraged to trigger an Andon signal for any concern, regardless of perceived severity. This requires fostering a culture of trust where raising issues isn't seen as a sign of failure, but as a valuable contribution to overall improvement.

Secondly, transparency and communication are crucial. The entire process, from initial signal to resolution, should be visible to all stakeholders. Clear communication channels ensure everyone is informed about the issue, its status, and the corrective actions being taken. This minimizes frustration and keeps everyone aligned.

Third, standardization and documentation are vital. Clearly defined procedures for triggering signals, response protocols, and escalation paths reduce ambiguity and ensure consistent execution. Well-documented processes simplify training and allow for continuous improvement based on data analysis.

Finally, a continuous improvement mindset should permeate the entire system. Regularly analyzing Andon data to identify root causes, implementing corrective actions, and seeking feedback from employees are essential for maximizing the system's effectiveness and ensuring it remains a valuable asset to the organization.

Andon Checklist Template: A Section-by-Section Guide

Let's break down the Andon System Effectiveness Checklist into manageable sections, offering more detail on what to look for in each area and potential actions you can take based on your findings. This deeper dive will help you move beyond a simple yes/no assessment and truly understand your system's strengths and weaknesses.

1. System Visibility & Awareness: Setting the Foundation

This section isn't just about aesthetics; it's about ensuring everyone knows the system exists and how to use it. Beyond the simple checklist items, consider: Are the posts positioned to avoid obstructions? Are different languages accommodated for a diverse workforce? If multiple Andon systems exist (e.g., different departments), is there clear consistency in signaling? Action: Conduct a walkthrough with new hires to observe their understanding and identify any points of confusion.

2. Issue Identification & Reporting: Empowering the Front Line

The real power of Andon lies in empowering employees to raise concerns. A "fear of reporting" is a significant barrier. Regularly solicit feedback on this area, emphasizing that no issue is too small to warrant an Andon signal. Anonymous feedback mechanisms can be particularly valuable. Action: Implement a recognition program for employees who proactively use the Andon system to identify and resolve issues.

3. Data Analysis & Continuous Improvement: Turning Signals into Solutions

Simply collecting data isn't enough. You need to analyze it to identify trends and root causes. Consider using Pareto charts to prioritize issues based on frequency. Don't be afraid to challenge assumptions and question why issues are recurring. Action: Assign a dedicated individual or team to regularly review Andon data and present findings to management.

4. Training & Competency: Building a Culture of Response

Training isn't a one-and-done event. It needs to be ongoing and tailored to different roles. Consider incorporating simulations or real-world case studies into training sessions. Document all training activities and track employee competency levels. Action: Implement a "train-the-trainer" program to empower employees to deliver Andon training within their departments.

5. System Visibility & Awareness - Deeper Dive:

Assess if signage is clear, easy to understand, and visible from a distance. Consider the lighting conditions around the posts - are they well-lit enough for easy recognition, especially during night shifts? Conduct periodic audits to ensure signage remains in good condition and hasn't been obscured or damaged.

6. Data Analysis & Continuous Improvement - Practical Steps:

Beyond simple reporting, establish key performance indicators (KPIs) related to Andon response times. Track metrics like mean time to resolution and "number of recurring incidents." Utilize statistical process control (SPC) charts to monitor trends and identify opportunities for proactive intervention.

7. Training & Competency - Beyond the Basics:

Develop a tiered training approach, with foundational training for all employees, specialized training for response teams, and refresher courses for ongoing reinforcement. Incorporate real-life case studies and simulations to enhance practical skills and understanding of Andon protocols. Conduct regular assessments to gauge employee comprehension and identify areas needing improvement.

Section 1: Visibility & Awareness - Making Andon Seen and Understood

An Andon system is only as effective as its visibility and the understanding it inspires in your workforce. If employees don't see the system, or worse, don't understand its purpose and how to use it, it's just a collection of lights and buttons. Building a culture of awareness is the foundational step towards realizing the full potential of your Andon system.

More than Just Placement: Strategic Visibility

Consider the placement of your Andon posts not just for proximity to potential issues, but also for maximum visibility. High-traffic areas, key workstations, and obvious locations are crucial. Think about the lines of sight - are there obstructions blocking the view? Don't assume everyone knows where the posts are; make them undeniable.

Beyond the Lights: Clear Communication is Key

The colors and signals used by your Andon system need to be universally understood. Avoid ambiguity! Implement clear signage explaining what each color or flashing pattern signifies. Consistent language and visual cues across the entire facility are essential. Don't rely on jargon or internal acronyms - keep it simple and straightforward.

Engaging Your Team: Training and Reinforcement

Initial training is vital, but it's not a one-and-done event. Regularly reinforce the purpose of the Andon system and demonstrate its benefits. Incorporate it into onboarding programs and provide ongoing refresher training. Explain why the system exists and how it contributes to overall operational efficiency and a safer work environment. Encourage employees to ask questions and provide feedback - fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility.

Pro Tip: Consider incorporating the Andon system into regular team meetings to reinforce its importance and highlight successful uses.

Section 2: Issue Identification & Reporting - Empowering Employees to Raise Concerns

The foundation of a truly effective Andon system lies in fostering a culture where employees feel empowered and comfortable raising concerns. It's not enough to simply have flashing lights; you need a workforce that actively utilizes them to signal potential problems before they escalate into significant issues. This requires a shift in mindset - moving away from a perception of reporting problems as admitting failure, to recognizing it as a proactive step towards continuous improvement.

Several factors contribute to this empowerment. First, the reporting process itself must be incredibly simple and accessible. A complex or cumbersome system will inevitably deter employees. Buttons, QR code scans via mobile devices, or easily accessible digital forms should all be considered, ensuring minimal effort to trigger an alert.

Crucially, a "no-blame" culture is paramount. Employees need to know that raising a concern won't result in negative repercussions. Management must actively champion this culture, reinforcing the understanding that early reporting prevents larger, more costly issues. Regularly acknowledging and rewarding employees who proactively identify and report concerns further solidifies this positive reinforcement.

Finally, providing clear guidelines on what constitutes an issue worthy of an Andon signal is essential. While encouraging employees to err on the side of caution is ideal, a general understanding of the scope of reporting prevents unnecessary alerts and ensures the system isn's overloaded. Regularly reviewing and updating these guidelines, based on employee feedback, ensures they remain relevant and effective.

Section 3: Response & Resolution - Swift Action for Immediate Problem Solving

A flashing Andon light is just the signal. The true value lies in the response. A delayed or inadequate response undermines the entire system, breeding mistrust and negating any potential benefits. Effective response and resolution isn't just about fixing the immediate problem; it's about demonstrating a commitment to employee concerns and continuous improvement.

Here's what constitutes a robust response & resolution process:

• Defined Response Roles: Clearly designated individuals or teams should be responsible for addressing different types of Andon signals. Ambiguity leads to delays and confusion. Document these roles and responsibilities.
• Prioritized Response Times: Not all Andon signals are created equal. Establish tiered response times based on the severity of the issue - a critical safety concern demands immediate attention, while a minor quality issue might allow for a slightly longer response window. Communicate these timeframes clearly.
• Root Cause Analysis - Beyond the Symptom: While fixing the immediate problem is essential, a quick fix alone doesn't prevent recurrence. Integrate root cause analysis into the response process. Ask Why? multiple times to uncover the underlying cause and implement corrective actions.
• Resolution Tracking and Documentation: Document the actions taken to resolve the Andon signal, including the root cause analysis findings and corrective actions implemented. This creates a valuable record for future reference and improvement.
• Communication is Key: Keep the person who initiated the Andon signal informed about the progress of the resolution. This demonstrates that their concern has been heard and is being addressed, fostering a culture ng & Competency - Buiof trust and open communication. Even a brief update like, We're investigating now and will have a solution for you within [timeframe] can make a significant difference.

Section 3.5: Defining Response Time SLAs

Establishing clear Service Level Agreements (SLAs) for Andon response times is crucial for ensuring the system's effectiveness and maintaining operational stability. Without defined expectations, response times can vary wildly, leading to frustration, bottlenecks, and ultimately, a system that's ignored. But simply stating respond quickly isn's enough. Specificity is key.

Here's a framework for crafting meaningful Andon response time SLAs:

1. Categorize Andon Signals by Severity: Not every signal warrants the same urgency. Common categories include:

• Critical (Red): Immediate threat to safety, production stoppage, or significant quality impact. (e.g., machine malfunction impacting safety, critical process deviation).
• Major (Yellow): Potential for production disruption or quality degradation. (e.g., minor equipment malfunction, process anomaly needing investigation).
• Minor (Green/Amber): Non-critical issues requiring attention, but not posing immediate risk. (e.g., minor equipment observation, potential improvement suggestions).

2. Define Response Time Targets for Each Category:

• Critical (Red): Acknowledge signal within X minutes, initial response (person on-site) within Y minutes. (e.g., Acknowledge within 1 minute, response within 5 minutes)
• Major (Yellow): Acknowledge signal within A minutes, initial response within B minutes. (e.g., Acknowledge within 5 minutes, response within 15 minutes)
• Minor (Green/Amber): Acknowledge signal within C minutes, response within D minutes. (e.g., Acknowledge within 15 minutes, response within 30 minutes)

Note: These timeframes are examples; tailor them to your specific operational context and resources.

3. Clearly Assign Responsibilities: Specify who is responsible for acknowledging and responding to each signal category. This might involve tiered responses - initial acknowledgement by a line operator, followed by escalation to a maintenance technician or engineer.

4. Document and Communicate SLAs: Make SLAs readily accessible to all relevant personnel. Incorporate them into training materials and regularly review them to ensure relevance and effectiveness.

5. Monitor and Review Performance: Track actual response times against defined SLAs. Identify trends and root causes for deviations, and use this data to refine SLAs and improve response capabilities. Regular performance reviews provide opportunities to assess the system's impact and identify areas for further optimization.

Section 4: Communication & Escalation - Keeping Stakeholders Informed

Effective communication is the backbone of a responsive Andon system. It's not enough to simply signal a problem; the right people need to be informed immediately and kept updated throughout the resolution process. A delayed or incomplete communication chain can lead to prolonged downtime, frustrated employees, and ultimately, a less effective system.

Here's how to ensure your Andon system's communication and escalation protocols are rock solid:

• Automated Notifications: Implement a notification system that automatically alerts designated personnel (supervisors, engineers, quality control) when an Andon signal is triggered. This eliminates reliance on manual communication, which is prone to errors and delays.
• Clear Escalation Paths: Define a clear and documented escalation path for unresolved issues. This outlines who to contact and when, ensuring that problems don't fall through the cracks. Consider tiered escalation - starting with a first-level responder and progressing to higher management if necessary.
• Concise and Targeted Information: Notifications should include essential information: location of the issue, a brief description of the problem, and the severity level (if applicable). Avoid jargon and unnecessary details.
• Real-Time Visibility: A centralized dashboard or monitoring system allows stakeholders to view the status of all active Andon signals in real-time. This promotes transparency and enables proactive problem-solving.
• Status Updates: Regular status updates on the resolution progress should be communicated to relevant parties. This keeps everyone informed and demonstrates that the issue is being addressed.
• Two-Way Communication: Ensure a mechanism for responders to easily communicate back to the originator of the signal, confirming acknowledgement and outlining the steps being taken.

Beyond simply notifying individuals, the system must foster a culture of accountability and collaboration.

Section 5: System Maintenance & Reliability - Ensuring Consistent Performance

A flashing light is only useful if it actually flashes. Neglecting the maintenance of your Andon system is like ignoring a vital warning - it renders the entire system unreliable and undermines employee trust. Consistent performance hinges on a proactive approach to upkeep. This isn't just about ensuring the visual indicators are working; it's about the entire infrastructure supporting the system.

Here's what regular maintenance should encompass:

• Weekly Visual Checks: A quick scan of all Andon posts, buttons, and indicators to identify any physical damage, loose connections, or obstructions. This can be easily integrated into standard area walk-throughs.
• Monthly Functional Testing: Simulate Andon signal triggers to confirm functionality. Verify that notifications are being sent to the correct personnel and that escalations are flowing as intended. Document these tests.
• Battery Replacement (if applicable): Implement a schedule for replacing batteries in wireless devices or those reliant on battery power. Low battery warnings should be acted on promptly.
• Software Updates: If your Andon system incorporates software (for data logging, notification management, or visualization), ensure these are kept current. Updates often include bug fixes and security enhancements.
• Hardware Inspections: Periodically (e.g., quarterly or annually), schedule more in-depth inspections of hardware components. This might involve checking wiring, replacing worn-out buttons, or verifying the integrity of network connections.
• Preventative Maintenance Log: Keep a detailed log of all maintenance activities, including dates, actions taken, and personnel responsible. This provides a valuable record of system health and helps identify recurring issues.

By prioritizing these maintenance activities, you ensure your Andon system remains a reliable indicator of potential problems and a valuable tool for continuous improvement.

Section 6: Training & Competency - Building a Culture of Andon Proficiency

An Andon system, no matter how well-designed or technologically advanced, is only as effective as the people using it. Robust training and ongoing competency development aren't just about showing employees how to trigger a signal; they's about instilling a mindset of proactive problem-solving and a commitment to continuous improvement.

Initial Onboarding: Laying the Foundation

New employee orientation should include a comprehensive overview of the Andon system. This isn't a five-minute checkbox; it's a hands-on session covering:

• Purpose & Philosophy: Explaining the 'why' behind the system - its role in quality, efficiency, and employee empowerment.
• Signal Meanings: Clearly defining each signal color and status, and what action is required for each.
• Triggering Procedures: Demonstrating the process for triggering signals, emphasizing the importance of accurate and concise reporting.
• Escalation Paths: Introducing the designated personnel and teams responsible for responding to different types of signals.

Beyond the Basics: Role-Specific Training

While all employees should understand the fundamental principles, specialized training is crucial for those in response roles. This might include:

• Engineering & Maintenance: Diagnostic techniques, troubleshooting procedures, and escalation protocols.
• Supervisors & Team Leads: Decision-making skills, communication strategies, and team coordination during Andon events.
• Quality Control: Understanding quality standards, identifying potential issues, and collaborating with engineering to address root causes.

Cultivating a Proactive Mindset:

Training shouldn't stop at the initial onboarding. Regular refresher sessions, toolbox talks, and simulated Andon events are essential for maintaining proficiency and fostering a proactive culture. These should emphasize:

• Problem Identification: Encouraging employees to identify and report potential issues before they escalate into full-blown Andon events.
• Root Cause Analysis: Involving employees in the investigation of Andon triggers to promote learning and prevent recurrence.
• Continuous Improvement: Recognizing and rewarding individuals who demonstrate initiative in improving the Andon system and contributing to process optimization.

Ultimately, a culture of Andon proficiency is built not just through formal training programs, but through ongoing communication, recognition, and a shared commitment to excellence.

Section 6.5: Root Cause Analysis: A Critical Component

Simply resolving an Andon signal - fixing the immediate problem - is only half the battle. A true Andon system isn't just about putting out fires; it's about preventing them from starting in the first place. That's where robust Root Cause Analysis (RCA) becomes absolutely critical.

RCA isn't about assigning blame; it's a structured process for identifying the underlying factors that contributed to the issue. These factors can be systemic, procedural, or even related to training. Without RCA, you risk the same problem recurring, leading to wasted time, resources, and potentially impacting quality and customer satisfaction.

Effective RCA methodologies vary, but common approaches include the "5 Whys" (repeatedly asking Why? to drill down to the core issue), Fishbone diagrams (also known as Ishikawa diagrams), and Fault Tree Analysis. The key is to remain objective, gather data, and engage the people closest to the process - they often hold invaluable insights.

Consider this: an Andon signal is triggered due to frequent machine jams. Simply clearing the jam and restarting production addresses the immediate problem. However, an RCA might reveal that the jamming is caused by inadequate preventative maintenance, incorrect material handling, or insufficient operator training. Addressing those root causes will eliminate the recurring jams and significantly improve overall efficiency.

Integrating RCA into your Andon response process transforms it from a reactive band-aid to a proactive driver of continuous improvement. It demands a shift in mindset - one that values investigation and learning over quick fixes.

Section 7: Data Analysis & Continuous Improvement - Learning from Andon Signals

An Andon system isn't just about reacting to problems; it's about preventing them. The data generated by your Andon signals is a goldmine of information, offering invaluable insights into operational inefficiencies, recurring issues, and areas ripe for improvement. Ignoring this data is like having a doctor who only treats symptoms without diagnosing the root cause.

Here's how to leverage your Andon data effectively:

• Track Key Metrics: Go beyond simply counting signals. Track metrics like signal frequency per area, signal type (e.g., quality defect, equipment malfunction, material shortage), average resolution time, and cost associated with each signal.
• Identify Trends: Look for patterns. Are certain areas consistently triggering more signals than others? Are specific types of issues recurring? Trend analysis can reveal systemic problems that need addressing. Visualization tools like charts and graphs can be immensely helpful.
• Root Cause Analysis: When significant or recurring signals occur, conduct thorough root cause analyses. Don't just fix the immediate problem; dig deeper to understand why it happened in the first place. The "5 Whys" technique is a powerful tool for this.
• Data-Driven Corrective Actions: Use the insights from data analysis and root cause investigations to drive corrective actions. Implement changes, update procedures, and retrain employees based on factual evidence, not assumptions.
• Closed-Loop Feedback: Ensure that corrective actions are tracked and evaluated to determine their effectiveness. Are signal frequencies decreasing after implementing changes? If not, further adjustments may be needed. This closed-loop feedback system ensures continuous improvement.
• Share the Knowledge: Make Andon data and insights accessible to relevant teams and stakeholders. Transparency fosters collaboration and empowers everyone to contribute to operational excellence.

Section 7.5: Integrating Andon Data with Existing Systems

A standalone Andon system, while valuable, shines even brighter when connected to your broader operational ecosystem. Integrating Andon data with existing systems - ERP, MES, CMMS, and even basic spreadsheets - unlocks a wealth of insights and dramatically improves response times and problem resolution.

Here's why and how you should consider integration:

Benefits of Integration:

• Real-time Visibility: Rather than relying on manual reporting, integrated systems provide a centralized view of Andon signals across the entire organization.
• Automated Workflows: Triggering an Andon signal can automatically generate work orders in your CMMS, alert specific personnel in your ERP, or update production schedules in your MES.
• Enhanced Analytics: Combining Andon data with other operational data allows for more comprehensive analysis, identifying root causes and proactively addressing potential issues.
• Improved Decision Making: Real-time data enables faster, more informed decisions related to production adjustments, quality improvements, and resource allocation.
• Reduced Manual Intervention: Automation minimizes manual data entry and reduces the risk of errors.

Integration Methods & Considerations:

• API Integration: Many modern Andon systems offer robust APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that allow for seamless data exchange with other platforms. This is often the preferred method for real-time data transfer.
• Database Connectivity: Direct database connections allow for scheduled data extraction and import. This is suitable for less time-sensitive reporting.
• Middleware Solutions: Middleware platforms can act as a bridge between disparate systems, translating data formats and facilitating communication.
• Data Security: Prioritize data security when integrating systems, ensuring proper authentication and authorization protocols are in place.
• Data Mapping: Carefully map data fields between systems to ensure accurate and consistent information transfer.
• Scalability: Choose integration solutions that can scale with your business needs and accommodate future system expansions.

Successfully integrating Andon data transforms it from a reactive signal into a proactive driver of continuous improvement and operational excellence.

Beyond the Checklist: Fostering a Culture of Andon Ownership

A checklist is a fantastic starting point, a structured way to evaluate your current system. However, a truly effective Andon system isn's just about ticking boxes. It's about embedding it into the very fabric of your operational culture. It requires a shift from simply reacting to signals to proactively owning the system's performance.

This means fostering an environment where employees feel empowered - and expected - to trigger Andon signals for any deviation from standard operating procedures. It's more than just reporting a broken machine; it's about identifying and flagging potential quality issues, safety hazards, or inefficiencies before they escalate.

Here's how to cultivate that ownership:

• Celebrate Signal Use: Don't penalize or discourage signal triggering. Publicly acknowledge and reward employees who proactively use the system, even if the initial assessment determines the issue wasn't critical. This reinforces positive behavior and normalizes the process.
• Feedback Loops are Essential: Actively solicit feedback from the people using the system. Are the signals clear? Is the response time adequate? Do they understand the escalation path? Their insights are invaluable for continuous improvement.
• Transparency in Resolution: Share the outcomes of investigations triggered by Andon signals. Explain what was learned and what corrective actions were implemented. This demonstrates that signals are taken seriously and fosters trust.
• Empower Problem Solvers: Give employees the authority and resources to address issues identified through the Andon system. Don't just escalate problems; equip your team to resolve them at the source.
• Leadership Buy-in: Ensure that leadership actively participates in the Andon process. When leaders visibly support and utilize the system, it sets a clear expectation for the entire organization.

Ultimately, an Andon system isn't just a tool; it's a reflection of your commitment to continuous improvement and employee empowerment. Make it a shared responsibility, and watch your operations thrive.

Andon System Success Stories: Real-World Examples

The theoretical benefits of an Andon system are compelling, but seeing it in action can be even more persuasive. Here are a few examples of how companies across different industries have leveraged Andon systems to achieve significant improvements:

Automotive Manufacturing - Reducing Line Stoppages: A major automotive manufacturer implemented a digital Andon system integrated with their MES (Manufacturing Execution System). By allowing operators to report issues directly through tablets on the shop floor, they drastically reduced the time it took for problems to be identified and addressed. This resulted in a 15% reduction in line stoppages and a corresponding increase in overall production output. They also saw a boost in operator morale due to the improved communication and problem-solving capabilities.

Electronics Assembly - Improving First Pass Yield: An electronics assembly company struggled with low First Pass Yield (FPY) due to intermittent issues on their assembly lines. Implementing an Andon system that tied directly into quality monitoring equipment allowed them to quickly identify and isolate faulty processes. This proactive approach enabled them to make rapid adjustments and train operators on the spot, leading to a 7% increase in FPY and a significant reduction in scrap.

Food Processing - Enhancing Food Safety and Traceability: A large food processor integrated an Andon system into their hygiene and sanitation protocols. Operators could immediately report deviations from established procedures, triggering alerts to supervisors and quality control teams. This real-time feedback loop ensured prompt corrective actions, significantly reducing the risk of contamination and enhancing traceability throughout the production process. They were also able to demonstrate improved compliance during audits.

Pharmaceuticals - Streamlining Batch Release Processes: A pharmaceutical company faced bottlenecks in their batch release process due to reliance on manual reporting. By introducing an Andon system with automated notifications, they were able to drastically reduce the time it took to resolve quality issues and release batches. This resulted in increased efficiency and improved responsiveness to market demands.

These examples highlight the versatility of Andon systems and their ability to drive tangible results across a wide range of industries. The key takeaway is that a well-designed and consistently utilized Andon system can be a powerful catalyst for continuous improvement and operational excellence.

Resources & Links

• Shmula - What is Andon? - Provides a foundational understanding of Andon principles.
• Lean Enterprise Institute - A leading resource for lean manufacturing and continuous improvement, often referencing Andon.
• Kaizen Institute - Offers information and training on Kaizen and related methodologies that often incorporate Andon.
• Visual Management Tools - Andon Systems - Explains visual cues and Andon implementation.
• Reliable Plant - Andon System Guide - Discusses the various components of an Andon system.
• Automate.io - What is an Andon System? - Offers a modern perspective on Andon, including digital implementations.
• iSixSigma - Andon System - Covers Andon within a Six Sigma context.
• Health and Safety Executive (UK) - While not exclusively about Andon, resources related to workplace safety and hazard reporting are relevant to Andon's broader purpose.
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - May contain documentation related to manufacturing process improvements and standards where Andon is applied.