Livestock Vaccination Records: Your Complete Checklist Template

Introduction: Why Vaccination Records Matter

Imagine a scenario: a sudden outbreak of a preventable disease sweeps through your region, impacting livestock operations. Now, picture trying to trace the source, identify affected animals, and implement control measures - all while scrambling to piece together incomplete or missing vaccination records. The consequences can be devastating, leading to significant financial losses, compromised animal welfare, and potential regulatory penalties.

Maintaining accurate and readily accessible livestock vaccination records isn't merely about ticking a box; it's a proactive investment in the health and longevity of your herd, the resilience of your farm, and your legal standing. These records act as a vital safety net, providing crucial information for disease prevention, traceability, and biosecurity-ultimately safeguarding your livelihood and the animals under your care. They're your farm's medical history, meticulously documenting each animal's immunization journey and providing invaluable insights for informed decision-making.

Understanding Legal & Regulatory Requirements

Navigating the legal and regulatory landscape surrounding livestock vaccinations can feel daunting, but understanding your obligations is crucial for farm operation and animal welfare. Requirements vary significantly based on your location, livestock type, and intended market.

Federal Regulations: While there aren't blanket federal mandates for all livestock vaccinations, several federal agencies play a role:

• USDA (United States Department of Agriculture): The USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) may have specific requirements related to interstate animal movement and disease control. Certain vaccinations may be required for animals crossing state lines.
• FDA (Food and Drug Administration): The FDA regulates the manufacture and distribution of veterinary vaccines, ensuring their safety and efficacy.

State-Specific Requirements: State regulations are where the bulk of the enforcement typically occurs. These can include:

• Mandatory Vaccinations: Some states mandate specific vaccinations for certain livestock species, such as brucellosis testing and vaccination in cattle or tuberculosis testing in bison.
• Record Keeping Requirements: Many states have rules about how long vaccination records must be maintained and what information they must contain.
• Premises Identification: Increasingly, states require livestock producers to register their farms and livestock holdings for traceability purposes.
• Movement Permits: For interstate movement of livestock, some states may require vaccination certificates or other documentation.

Market-Driven Requirements: Beyond legal mandates, market demands can significantly influence vaccination protocols. For instance:

• Organic Certification: Organic livestock operations have strict vaccination guidelines, often limiting or prohibiting certain vaccines.
• Export Markets: Exporting livestock or meat products often requires compliance with the importing country's vaccination requirements.
• Processor Standards: Meat processors may have their own vaccination protocols that producers must adhere to.

Staying Compliant:

• Consult with your State Veterinarian: Your state veterinarian's office is the primary resource for information on livestock vaccination regulations.
• Engage a Qualified Veterinarian: Develop a vaccination plan with your veterinarian that complies with all applicable regulations and meets the specific needs of your livestock.
• Stay Updated: Regulations can change. Regularly review updates from your state veterinarian and relevant agencies.

Disclaimer: This information is for general guidance only and does not constitute legal advice. Always consult with your local veterinarian and regulatory agencies for specific requirements.

Animal Identification: The Foundation of Accurate Records

Accurate animal identification is the bedrock upon which all other vaccination records are built. Without a reliable system to identify which animal received what vaccine, your records become meaningless - and potentially dangerous. It's more than just a number on an ear tag; it's the link between the animal, the vaccination, and the health history.

Here's a breakdown of common identification methods and best practices:

• Ear Tags: The industry standard. Use tags that are durable, securely attached, and clearly legible. Consider using a consistent color-coding system (e.g., calves born in 2024 are tagged with blue tags). Double-tagging, especially for valuable animals, provides redundancy in case one tag is lost.
• Microchips: Increasingly popular, particularly in breeding stock or animals with high value. Microchips offer a permanent form of identification.
• Tattoos: Less common now, but still utilized in some operations. Ensure tattoos are placed in a consistent location for ease of reading.
• Natural Marks: While not a substitute for other identification methods, noting any unique natural markings (scars, spots) in the record can provide an additional point of reference.
• Group Identification: When vaccinating an entire group (e.g., a newly weaned calf group), clearly document the group's identification in the records. This provides a linkable reference.

Consistency is Key: Establish and stick to a standardized numbering or tagging system across your entire operation. This avoids confusion and ensures accurate record-keeping. Regularly inspect ear tags and microchip readers to ensure they are functioning correctly.

Vaccine Details: Capturing Essential Information

Beyond simply noting that a vaccination occurred, meticulously documenting the specifics of each vaccine is paramount for effective herd management and traceability. Think of this section as your vaccine's "birth certificate." Incomplete or inaccurate information can render your records practically useless, especially if you encounter adverse reactions or need to trace a disease outbreak.

Here's a breakdown of the critical details you need to capture for every vaccination administered:

• Vaccine Name (Full & Precise): Don't just write BoviShield. Use the full product name like Bovishield Gold 5-G ONETOUCH®. This avoids confusion and ensures accurate identification.
• Manufacturer: Knowing the manufacturer is crucial for tracking potential recalls and identifying batch-specific issues.
• Batch Number: This is arguably the most important detail. The batch number allows veterinarians and regulatory agencies to trace the vaccine back to its production run, aiding in investigations if problems arise. Always record this.
• Expiry Date: This seems obvious, but it's a common oversight. Never administer expired vaccines. Double-check the expiration date on the vial before administration and note it in the record.
• Dosage & Volume: Record the precise dosage administered according to the product label and the animal's species and age. If adjustments were made (with veterinary approval), note the modification clearly.
• Diluent (if applicable): If the vaccine requires dilution, specify the diluent used and the dilution ratio.
• Product Presentation: Is it a single dose vial? A multi-dose vial? This can be helpful for inventory and minimizing waste.

Administration Details: Tracking the Process

Accurate administration details are the backbone of a useful vaccination record. It's not enough to just know what was given; you need to know who received it, when, and how. This information allows you to track effectiveness, identify potential adverse reactions, and maintain traceability. Let's break down the key elements:

Date of Administration: This seems obvious, but consistency is key. Use a standardized date format (e.g., MM/DD/YYYY) to avoid confusion. A simple mistake in the date can derail your entire record.

Route of Administration: Was the vaccine given subcutaneously (under the skin), intramuscularly (into a muscle), intranasally (through the nose), or by another method? The route can affect absorption and efficacy, and accurate documentation is vital.

Administrator: Record the name or initials of the person administering the vaccine. This creates accountability and allows for follow-up if needed. It also helps track experience levels and identify potential training needs.

Location on Body: Briefly noting the administration site (e.g., "right hind leg," "left shoulder") can be helpful for identifying localized reactions and ensuring proper placement.

Reason for Vaccination: Was this the initial dose, a booster, or part of a specific preventative protocol? Clearly stating the reason provides valuable context and helps optimize future vaccination schedules.

Any Adverse Reactions: Critically important. Note any reaction, even seemingly minor ones. This includes swelling, pain, fever, lethargy, or anything unusual. Detailed documentation allows for prompt investigation and potentially prevents further complications. Don're hesitate to photograph the reaction for visual documentation - this can be invaluable for diagnosis and treatment.

Record-Keeping Systems: Choosing What Works for You

The most meticulous vaccination protocol is useless if your records are a mess. Finding a record-keeping system that you're actually going to use consistently is key. There's no one-size-fits-all solution; it's about finding what aligns with your farm size, your comfort level with technology, and your overall management style. Let's look at some popular options:

1. The Traditional Paper Method:

• What it is: A physical notebook, ledger, or even a series of index cards.
• Pros: Simple, inexpensive, no technology required, familiar to many.
• Cons: Can be difficult to search, prone to loss or damage, not easily shared, can take up physical space.
• Best for: Very small farms with limited livestock, those uncomfortable with technology. Tip: Use waterproof paper and store records in a secure, dry location.

2. Spreadsheet Software (Excel, Google Sheets):

• What it is: Utilizing spreadsheet software to create a digital record.
• Pros: Relatively easy to learn, allows for sorting and filtering, can be shared digitally, generally low-cost (especially Google Sheets).
• Cons: Requires some basic computer skills, can be prone to accidental deletion or corruption if not backed up.
• Best for: Farms of moderate size, those comfortable with basic computer skills, needing a little more organization than paper allows. Tip: Create backup copies of your spreadsheet in multiple locations (cloud storage, external drive).

3. Dedicated Livestock Management Software:

• What it is: Specialized software designed specifically for livestock management, often including vaccination tracking, breeding records, and financial reports.
• Pros: Comprehensive features, automated record-keeping, often integrates with other farm management tools, can improve efficiency and decision-making.
• Cons: Can be expensive, steep learning curve, may require internet access.
• Best for: Larger farms, operations with complex management needs, those looking to streamline their processes. Examples: (Mention 2-3 popular software options here - research relevant ones for your audience).

4. Mobile Apps:

• What it is: Using a smartphone or tablet app designed for livestock record-keeping.
• Pros: Convenient, portable, often allows for easy data entry in the field, some offer photo capabilities for record documentation.
• Cons: Relies on device battery and internet connection (for cloud-based apps), can be less comprehensive than dedicated software.
• Best for: Farmers who need to record data on the go, those comfortable using mobile technology. (Mention 1-2 popular app examples).

Key Considerations:

• Ease of Use: Choose a system you're comfortable using.
• Accessibility: Can you access the records when you need them?
• Scalability: Can the system grow with your farm?
• Data Security: How will your data be protected?

Template Breakdown: A Step-by-Step Guide

Let's walk through a practical example of how to structure a livestock vaccination record. This breakdown uses a hypothetical calf, "Red," born on March 15th, 2024. We'll cover each category outlined in our checklist. You can adapt this template to fit your own animals and farm management system.

1. Animal Identification:

• Animal Name/Tag: Red - Ear Tag #47
• Species: Calf
• Breed: Angus
• Date of Birth: 03/15/2024
• Dam: Bess - Ear Tag #12
• Sire: Duke - Ear Tag #21

2. Vaccine Details:

• Vaccine Name: Bovishield Gold 5
• Manufacturer: Merck Animal Health
• Batch Number: 24A123
• Expiry Date: 12/31/2024
• Dosage: 2 ml

3. Administration Details:

• Date of Administration: 04/15/2024 (Initial Vaccination)
• Route of Administration: Subcutaneous (Left Hind Leg)
• Administrator: Dr. Emily Carter, DVM
• Reason for Vaccination: Initial Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Vaccination.
• Adverse Reactions: None Observed

4. Subsequent Vaccinations (Record Each Dose Separately):

• Date of Administration: 07/15/2024 (Booster)
• Route of Administration: Subcutaneous (Right Hind Leg)
• Administrator: Farm Hand - John Smith
• Reason for Vaccination: Booster Dose
• Adverse Reactions: Slight swelling at injection site, resolved within 24 hours.

Key Considerations for Your Template:

• Consistency: Use the same format for all records.
• Legibility: Whether handwritten or digital, records should be clear and easy to understand.
• Digital vs. Paper: Digital records offer advantages like searchability and data analysis. Paper records require secure storage and are susceptible to damage. Choose the method that best suits your needs.
• Expandable Fields: Include fields for any additional information you deem important, such as product lot numbers or specific health observations.

Example Vaccination Record Template

Keeping consistent and detailed records is the foundation of a successful vaccination program. While you can adapt any method to suit your farm's needs, a structured template ensures nothing is missed. Here are two examples - one for paper records and one for a simplified spreadsheet. Remember to always consult with your veterinarian to customize these templates to your specific herd and vaccination protocols.

Option 1: Paper Record Template

(Print multiple copies of this table to create your vaccination logbook.)

Animal ID (Ear Tag # / Microchip #)	Vaccine Name	Batch #	Expiration Date	Date Administered	Administered By	Route	Notes (Reactions, Reason)

Tips for Paper Records:

• Bind your records: A three-ring binder keeps everything organized.
• Use different colored pens: Helps differentiate vaccinations or identify potential issues.
• Keep a separate vaccine log: A dedicated log tracks vaccine inventory and lot numbers.
• Protect from the elements: Store records in a waterproof container.

Option 2: Simplified Spreadsheet Template (Example Columns)

Animal ID	Vaccine	Batch #	Exp Date	Date	Admin	Route	Notes
1234	Bovishield Gold 5	23B456	2024-12-31	2023-05-15	JD	SQ	Booster
5678	Vision 7	23C789	2024-09-15	2023-05-15	AB	IM	Initial Vaccination
9012	SureChamp First Dose	23D012	2024-06-30	2023-05-15	JD	IM

Tips for Spreadsheet Records:

• Use data validation: Create dropdown lists for vaccine names, routes, and administrators to reduce errors.
• Freeze the header row: Keep column names visible as you scroll.
• Use conditional formatting: Highlight records based on expiration dates or potential reactions.
• Back up your data regularly: Save your spreadsheet to a cloud storage service or external drive.

Digital vs. Paper Records: Pros and Cons

Choosing between digital and paper records for livestock vaccinations is a crucial decision, impacting efficiency, accessibility, and long-term management. Both options have their strengths and weaknesses, and the best choice often depends on your individual farm's size, budget, and comfort level with technology.

Paper Records: The Traditional Route

• Pros:

  • Low Initial Cost: Minimal upfront investment - just paper, pens, and filing cabinets.
  • No Technology Required: No reliance on computers, internet access, or software.
  • Simple to Use: Requires no specialized training or technical skills.
  • Can be Easier in Remote Areas: Reliable even without power or internet.

• Cons:

  • Time-Consuming: Manual entry and retrieval of information can be slow.
  • Risk of Loss or Damage: Susceptible to fire, water damage, and general wear and tear.
  • Difficult to Share: Sharing information with veterinarians or other stakeholders requires physical copies.
  • Limited Searchability: Finding specific records can be challenging without a robust filing system.
  • Potential for Errors: Manual transcription increases the risk of human error.

Digital Records: Embracing Technology

• Pros:

  • Improved Efficiency: Faster data entry and retrieval through search functions.
  • Enhanced Accuracy: Reduces the risk of transcription errors.
  • Easy Data Sharing: Quickly share records with veterinarians, processors, or other stakeholders electronically.
  • Secure Storage & Backup: Data can be securely stored and backed up, reducing the risk of loss.
  • Integration with Other Farm Management Software: Many digital record-keeping systems integrate with other farm management tools, streamlining operations.
  • Real-time Data Analysis: Allows for analysis of vaccination trends and identification of potential issues.

• Cons:

  • Higher Initial Cost: Requires investment in software, hardware (computer, tablet), and potentially training.
  • Technology Dependence: Requires reliable power and internet access.
  • Learning Curve: Some time may be needed to learn how to use the software effectively.
  • Potential Security Risks: Data security is crucial - ensure robust passwords and backup systems.

Best Practices for Record Storage & Security

Keeping your livestock vaccination records safe and accessible is just as important as the accuracy of the records themselves. Here's a breakdown of best practices for storage and security:

Physical Records: The Foundation of Accessibility

• Waterproof and Durable Storage: If you rely on paper records, invest in waterproof, archival-quality binders or folders. Moisture, pests, and general wear and tear can quickly damage these documents.
• Secure Location: Choose a location that is protected from the elements and unauthorized access. A locked cabinet or room is ideal.
• Multiple Copies: Maintaining a backup copy of your records in a separate location is a smart precaution against fire, flood, or theft. Consider a trusted advisor, family member, or a secure offsite storage facility.
• Regular Organization: Don't let your records become a disorganized mess! Establish a clear system for organizing and archiving older records, ensuring you can quickly locate what you need.

Digital Records: Leveraging Technology with Care

• Cloud-Based Storage: Cloud storage solutions (like Google Drive, Dropbox, or specialized farm management software) offer excellent accessibility and automatic backups. Just be sure to choose a reputable provider with strong security measures.
• Local Backups: While cloud storage is convenient, it's wise to maintain local backups to your computer or an external hard drive. This safeguards against internet outages or potential cloud service disruptions.
• Password Protection: Use strong, unique passwords for all digital accounts and enable two-factor authentication whenever possible.
• Data Encryption: Consider encrypting sensitive files to add an extra layer of security.
• Software Updates: Keep your operating system and software up-to-date to patch security vulnerabilities.
• Controlled Access: Limit access to digital records to authorized personnel only.

Combining Physical & Digital: The Best of Both Worlds

For maximum security and accessibility, consider a hybrid approach. Keep physical records in a secure location and scan them to create digital backups. This provides redundancy and ensures you can access your information regardless of the situation.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

It's tempting to streamline processes and save time, especially when dealing with livestock, but a few seemingly minor shortcuts with vaccination records can lead to significant problems down the line. Here are some common pitfalls to avoid:

• Guessing Dosage: Never estimate the correct vaccine dosage. Always refer to the manufacturer's instructions and consult your veterinarian. Overdosing can cause adverse reactions, while underdosing renders the vaccine ineffective.
• Ignoring Expiration Dates: Expired vaccines don't work and can even be harmful. Regularly check expiration dates before administration and discard any that are past their prime.
• Skipping Documentation: Failing to record even seemingly insignificant details-like the administrator's initials or a minor reaction-can create confusion and make troubleshooting later on difficult, if not impossible.
• Assuming Maternal Immunity is Enough: While maternal antibodies provide initial protection, they wane over time. Vaccination schedules are crucial to bridge the gap and ensure long-term immunity. Don't skip booster shots assuming the calf is "covered."
• Storing Vaccines Improperly: Heat and light can degrade vaccine potency. Follow storage instructions carefully-typically, this means cool, dark conditions.
• Using Unverified Sources for Information: Always rely on reputable sources like your veterinarian, reputable agricultural extension offices, or manufacturer guidelines for vaccination protocols. Avoid relying on informal advice or unverified online sources.

Utilizing Technology for Vaccination Management

Managing livestock vaccination records doesn't have to mean stacks of paper and endless spreadsheets. Technology offers powerful tools to streamline the process, improve accuracy, and enhance traceability. Here's a look at how you can leverage tech for better vaccination management:

Farm Management Software: Numerous platforms are specifically designed for livestock management, offering features like animal tracking, health records, breeding schedules, and, crucially, vaccination tracking. These systems often allow for easy data entry, automated reminders for booster shots, and generate comprehensive reports. Integration with other farm data simplifies overall management.

Mobile Apps: Several mobile apps are available that allow you to record vaccinations directly in the field using your smartphone or tablet. These apps often utilize GPS location services to pinpoint where a vaccination occurred. They can also include photo documentation of the animal and the vaccine administered. Many offer offline functionality for areas with limited internet connectivity.

RFID Technology: Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags offer a more advanced tracking solution. These tags can be attached to animals, allowing for instant identification and record retrieval as they pass through gates or scanning stations. This eliminates manual data entry and significantly reduces errors. While a larger initial investment, RFID can be invaluable for larger operations.

Barcode Scanning: Similar to RFID, barcode scanning allows for quick and efficient record keeping. Barcodes can be printed for vaccines or attached to animals and scanned during administration, directly updating the records.

Data Integration: The key to effective technology integration is connecting your different systems. Look for platforms that allow data to flow seamlessly between your vaccination records, animal identification systems, and financial management tools. This holistic view improves decision-making and efficiency.

Consider the scale of your operation and your budget when choosing the right technology solution. Even small farms can benefit from basic mobile apps, while larger operations may find advanced RFID systems and integrated farm management software to be a worthwhile investment.

Integrating Vaccination Records with Farm Management Software

Gone are the days of overflowing paper files and scribbled notes. Modern farm management software offers a powerful solution for streamlining your livestock vaccination recordkeeping. Integrating these records directly into your farm management system offers a multitude of advantages, going far beyond simple data storage.

Benefits of Integration:

• Real-time Data Access: Vaccination schedules, treatment history, and animal health data are instantly accessible from anywhere with an internet connection.
• Automated Reminders: Software can trigger automatic reminders for upcoming vaccinations, reducing the risk of missed doses and ensuring timely interventions.
• Improved Traceability: Integrated records enhance traceability, crucial for food safety and biosecurity protocols. Quickly identify animals vaccinated with specific batches or experiencing adverse reactions.
• Data-Driven Decision Making: Analyze vaccination data to identify trends, optimize protocols, and improve herd health outcomes.
• Reduced Labor: Automating data entry and reporting significantly reduces the administrative burden on farm staff.
• Seamless Reporting: Generate comprehensive reports for regulatory compliance, audits, and internal analysis with ease.

Choosing the Right Software:

Several farm management software options offer robust vaccination recordkeeping capabilities. Consider the following when selecting a solution:

• Livestock Type Support: Ensure the software is compatible with the species you raise.
• Mobile Accessibility: Mobile apps allow for on-the-go data entry and access.
• Integration Capabilities: Does the software integrate with other systems you use, such as accounting software or livestock marketing platforms?
• User-Friendliness: The software should be intuitive and easy for your team to learn and use.
• Cost: Evaluate the overall cost, including subscription fees, training costs, and potential hardware upgrades.

Getting Started:

Implementing farm management software requires planning and commitment. Begin by clearly defining your needs and goals. Train your staff thoroughly and ensure accurate data entry. Regularly review and update your software to leverage its full potential and keep your vaccination records secure and accessible.

Reviewing and Updating Your Vaccination Protocols

Regularly revisiting and updating your vaccination protocols isn't a one-and-done task; it's a cornerstone of proactive livestock management. Disease challenges evolve, new vaccines become available, and your herd's specific needs may change over time. Here's how to ensure your protocols remain effective:

Stay Informed About Emerging Diseases: Livestock diseases don't respect borders. New strains and previously rare diseases can emerge, requiring adjustments to your vaccination schedule. Subscribe to veterinary industry newsletters, follow reputable livestock health organizations, and consult with your veterinarian to stay abreast of emerging threats.

Evaluate Vaccine Efficacy: Vaccines aren't perfect. The efficacy of a vaccine can be influenced by factors like maternal antibody levels, animal age, stress levels, and even the timing of administration. Regularly review the effectiveness of your current vaccines - your veterinarian can help assess this based on herd health data and any observed challenges.

Consider New Vaccine Options: The veterinary pharmaceutical industry continually develops new and improved vaccines. Research these advancements with your veterinarian to determine if newer options offer enhanced protection or simplify your vaccination program. Consider factors like broader spectrum coverage, fewer injections, or improved ease of administration.

Adapt to Changing Herd Dynamics: A new group of animals, a change in breeding practices, or even environmental factors can impact your herd's vulnerability to disease. Reassess your protocols in response to these shifts, ensuring that your vaccination strategy remains aligned with your livestock's evolving needs.

Document Protocol Changes: Whenever you modify your vaccination schedule, meticulously document the changes, including the rationale behind them, the new dates or vaccines used, and any expected outcomes. This creates a clear record for future reference and allows for better evaluation of the changes' impact.

Annual Review with Your Veterinarian: Schedule an annual review of your entire vaccination program with your veterinarian. This provides a valuable opportunity to discuss herd health trends, address any concerns, and collaboratively refine your protocols for optimal protection.

Resources and Further Reading

We're committed to providing you with the tools and knowledge needed for robust livestock management. Here's a curated list of resources to expand your understanding and stay updated on best practices.

• Your State Department of Agriculture: This is your primary source for state-specific regulations, disease outbreak alerts, and vaccination requirements.
• USDA Animal Health Information Center: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/nahc - A wealth of information on animal diseases, vaccinations, and biosecurity.
• Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health - Vaccination Guide: A helpful overview of common livestock vaccinations and their purpose.
• Veterinary Partner - Animal Health Library: https://veterinarypartner.com/ - Provides reliable information on animal health topics, often written in accessible language.
• Your Local Veterinarian: The most valuable resource! Consult your veterinarian for personalized recommendations and guidance on vaccination protocols specific to your herd and geographic location.
• State Veterinary Medical Association: Often provides continuing education and resources for livestock owners.

Resources & Links

• United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) - Official source for disease information, regulations, and vaccination guidelines.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Provides information on zoonotic diseases and general vaccination principles.
• American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) - Provides resources for veterinarians and livestock owners regarding animal health and vaccination protocols.
• Beef Magazine - Articles and resources related to beef cattle health and management, including vaccination schedules.
• DairyReporter - News and information related to dairy cattle health, including vaccination practices.
• Sheep and Goat Industries - Provides resources specific to sheep and goat health management, including vaccination.
• - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Offers global perspectives on livestock health and disease prevention.
• University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine - Offers research and information on animal health, including vaccination strategies.
• University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension - Provides practical livestock management advice, including vaccination guidelines for various species.
• Global Biosecurity - Provides information on biosecurity practices including vaccination to prevent disease.